What is the main difference between formative and summative assessments?

• A. Formative assesses learning at the end, summative during learning
• B. Formative is a one-time assessment, summative is ongoing
• C. Formative monitors progress during learning, summative evaluates after
• D. Formative is optional, summative is mandatory for grades

Answer: (C)

The main difference between formative and summative assessments lies in their purpose and timing within the learning process. Formative assessments are designed to monitor student progress during the learning process. They provide ongoing feedback to both students and teachers, allowing for adjustments in teaching and learning strategies. This type of assessment can take many forms, such as quizzes, class discussions, or informal observations, and is used continuously to inform instructional decisions.

In contrast, summative assessments evaluate student learning, knowledge, and skills at the end of an instructional unit or period. These assessments are often used to measure the overall effectiveness of a program or to assign grades. Examples include final exams, standardized tests, and end-of-term projects.

Therefore, the correct choice highlights that formative assessments focus on monitoring progress while learning is happening, whereas summative assessments evaluate the outcomes after the learning has occurred. This distinction is crucial for educators aiming to enhance student learning and achievement.